Different Modes And Types Of Bullying - 1298 Words

An important subject that is affecting a broader amount of people today, especially our youth, is bullying. Bullying is a continuous growing field that is being examined constantly due to its complexity. An important and well known website named stopbullying.com unleashed factual information that helps, as well educates families on this topic: â€Å"In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Department of Education released the first federal uniform definition of bullying for research and surveillance †¦ there are many different modes and types of bullying. The current definition acknowledges two modes and four types by which youth can be bullied or can bully others. The two modes of bullying include direct (e.g., bullying that occurs in the presence of a targeted youth) and indirect (e.g., bullying not directly communicated to a targeted youth such as spreading rumors) †¦ the four types of bullying include broad categories of physical, verbal, relational (e.g., efforts to harm the reputation or relationships of the targeted youth), and damage to property.† Nowadays, schools and private assemblies are working together to talk to students and parents to minimize the instances of bullying by persistently educating them on the effects of bullying and actual instances that have happened around the world. The world is evolving rapidly each and every day through research and there still seem to be many questions unanswered but through each experience of bullying there are new questionsShow MoreRelatedThe s School Of Thought1011 Words   |  5 PagesFinally, archetypes, such as particular models of people and behaviours, can influence the actions of bullying vividly, as many types of ideas are present within the unconscious mind that are common to our ancestors (Haskings-Winner et al., 2011). Depending on the circumstances, some of these universal aspects may be expressed more profoundly, which include negative behaviours. In the case of bullying, some of these archetypes may unconsciously influence an individual to bully someone else in the firstRead MoreCyberbullying: The New Form Of Bullying. When Sending Our1661 Words   |  7 PagesCyberbullying: The New Form of Bullying When sending our children to school we expect them to be able to learn without distractions, but bullying makes that impossible. Bullying has been recognized as a problem for school children globally. In fact, school bullying has proven to be a risk factor for suicide, which has been identified as one of the top causes of death among teens (Erick Messias, 2014). Now that bullying and its importance has been acknowledged as a critical concern, several preventionRead MoreCyber Medi The Virtual War1094 Words   |  5 PagesCyber-bulling: The Virtual War Bullying is a term that most of us recognize. We have either experienced it first hand or been a witness to it. Due to the precedent of today’s technology and the high speed Internet, bullying has evolved into a virtual war zone and the casualties, unfortunately are our youths. As stated by Cross, Dooley, and Pyzalski (2009) cyber-bullying by definition is â€Å"an aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedlyRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesdefines bullying as â€Å"A person being exposed repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons† (Kaiser Rasminsky, 2012, p. 253). According to Smith (2016) â€Å"The main types of bullying have been verbal, physical, indirect relational (rumor spreading) and social exclusion (which can be direct or indirect)† (p. 400) Bullying is an issue that continues to plague school and f amilies. Often, literature is used by teachers to open the conversation about bullying and beingRead MoreSocial Networking Sites Are Beneficial Or Harmful?1713 Words   |  7 Pagesadults. They have become such an important part of the lives of the younger crowd that older generations refer to them as â€Å"the wired generation† (Jacobsen, 2011). Many question whether or not this new â€Å"wired generation† is positive of negative. Different people have varying opinions on the ideas of using social networking sites. Some people who have positive opinions believe that they are beneficial because they give individuals the opportunity to stay in touch with family and friends and they haveRead MoreSuicide Is A Problem For Our Younger Generation Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesSuicide has different faces. The faces of neglection, depression, oppression, and even the means of abjection. Not only does suicide affect the victim but also the people who love and cherish them. Suicide is real . It is a problem for our younger generation. Suicide is the third leading cause of teens ranging from age twelve to twenty four (journal of school health). â€Å"For every completed suicide there are about 25 attempted suicides and an even greater number of individuals exhibiting nonfatal suicidalRead MoreFacebook : Networking And Societal Impact1475 Words   |  6 Pagesthat any individual can join, comment, create new identities, and compete. The behaviors of players may also change from pleasant to aggressive without affecting the mode of the game. The tests appeared to prove that many young individuals do not have a problem communicating and challenging each other over the web. This is quite different from the real time study that showed only people with great skills felt free to participate in online games. The effect of positive outcomes does not imply that negativeRead MoreGroup Dynamics And Work Teams1394 Words   |  6 PagesDynamics and Work Teams, the new concept that was taken from it was the model of Group Development. As a professional engineer, I have been a part of multiple teams that were given the task of creative projects. As every project experiences their different problems, ours did the same. The teams were successful in the end, but of course, the journey to those successes were extremely difficult. Through the tough patches of the projects, the model of group development would have helped the team to effortlesslyRead MoreMulticultural Education And Communication Issues1463 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch carried out by Allen in 2013, students that are mostly affected academically normally come from the minority communities. Racism involves unfair criticism, discrimination, refutation, bullying and many more issues and it does not involve students only but also teachers and school employees who are from different communities or from minority communities. Communication is another issue that affects schools although it is associated with multicultural education issues that affect schools. For instanceRead MoreWhy Television Is The Extension Of Human Senses Along With Walter Benjamins Reproduction Of Art1346 Words   |  6 Pagesjust news and silent films to soap operas, cartoons, music videos and other types of informational and entertainment things which influences us positively and negatively. Theories Marshall McLuhan, who was a Canadian communication theorist, was very much interested in technology and how it shapes the advanced modern society. His very famous theory was â€Å"the medium is the message† which means that the resource used or mode through which they are presenting shows the message, not really the content

The Consequences of the Economic Development of Polar and...

The Consequences of the Economic Development of Polar and Sub-Polar Regions Although indigenous populations established themselves centuries ago, polar and sub-polar regions of the Arctic and Antarctica have only fairly recently begun to develop. Originally classified as remote regions in the world, where the only activities, which took place, were small-scale fishing and hunting by locals in order to survive, they have become sources of great economic development and prosperity. Due to their proximity to many highly populated countries, Arctic regions have perhaps experienced greater economic development than Antarctic regions. The route of this economic development began during the 17th†¦show more content†¦In 1968, the great quantities of oil and gas discovered beneath Alaska’s North Slope, overlooking Prudhoe Bay, subsequently led to the construction of the Trans-Alaska pipeline to Valdez in 1974. This increased communication links and trade links and therefore brought in vast amounts of money for the economy and until 1990, oil and natural gas still provided 85% of Alaska’s gross state product. As personal wealth and length of leisure time are increasing, people are beginning to seek out new, more exotic locations. For example, tourism in Alaska has become a vital industry, attracting almost 1.1 million people per year. Visitors not only come to view the landscape features, such as its coasts, glaciers and mountains, but also to see its huge variety of wild life (ranging from Brown bears to sea-lions) and for fishing (especially salmon). Such levels of tourism have increased economic development as tourists themselves bring money into the state as well as foreign currency. Tourism is constantly increasing and being developed as the government want to diversify employment opportunities in order to increase the rate of economic growth. Antarctica has similar reasons for economic development, however, on a much smaller scale due to its uninhabitable climate and landscape. The tourism industry isShow MoreRelatedAlaska Oil Drilling1301 Words   |  6 Pagesprioritize profits over social problems such as environmental degradation. An example that sheds light on the conflict between human interests and environmental responsibility is the controversial approval of the oil drilling in the Northern Slope region of Alaska and the drilling that has already began, in the Tar Sands of Alberta. In this paper I will firstly explain the situation regarding why the drilling for oil is up for debate to take place. Secondly I will assess the benefits and the irreparableRead MoreThe Effects of Global Warming4458 Words   |  18 Pagescomplex and the timing uncertain. But while much more research is needed, we know more than before about how we can adapt to the expected impacts and assist those people who are the most vulnerabl e. 2. THE NATURAL WORLD 3.1. Effects on the Polar Regions Observed changes- †¢ Arctic air temperatures increased by about 5 °C in the 20th century – ten times faster than the global-mean surface temperature – while Arctic sea-surface temperatures rose by 1 °C over the past 20 years. †¢ In the NorthernRead MoreClimate Change and Its Impact on Agriculture2055 Words   |  9 PagesPercentage contribution of different sectors in the atmospheric concentration of GHGs is from energy sector 63%, agriculture 13%, industry 3%, land use and forestry 18% and waste 3%. Climate change is an externality which is mainly caused by particular economic activities, and the geographical position of many developing countries makes them very much vulnerable to climate change. According to the IPCC prediction, in the absence of any policy to abate the GHGs emission, GHGs would increase from 550ppm toRead MoreEconomic Impacts in Water and Energy Issues Caused by Climate Change in Russia 2690 Words   |  11 PagesEconomic Impacts in Water and Energy issues caused by Climate Change in Russia Global Scope Generally, climate change has caused some predictable and potentially heterogeneous problems globally. Some of them are positive. For instance, increased atmospheric COâ‚‚ are predicted to bring about overall small increases in European crop productivity. Globally, warming will shift our living circumstances into a more risky and comparably inadaptable direction. The key vulnerabilities including theRead MoreSeasonality of a Destination Brings More Tourists Essay2431 Words   |  10 Pagespurpose of analysis of seasonal fluctuations (Cisneros-Martà ­nez, 2013). To work within constraints of the seasonality is a destination management issue that tourism planners struggles with all over the world. Particularly pronounced the issue is in regions of the extreme north or south where climate variation directly influences the flow of visitors and thus management strategies of tourism (Baum Hagen, 1999). At the same time literature suggests various other reasons for seasonality to develop. 2Read MoreEnvironment: Energy Development and Environmental Problems11602 Words   |  47 Pagescomes to coping with the consequences of global warming. | It is the developing nations who hold the key to solving environmental problems because they make up most of the world’s population and control most of the world’s resources. This means that they have the potential ability to help address environmental issues. | | Self-interest | Rich nations are not spared from the ill-effects of global warming. Moreover, they have significant interests in business development in the developing worldRead MoreClimate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction6524 Words   |  27 Pagesoverall long-term characteristics of the weather experienced at a place. For example, Singapore, in the tropics, has a hot wet climate, while continental Mongolia always has cold winters. The ecosystems, agriculture, livelihoods and settlements of a region are very dependent on its climate. The climate therefore can be thought of as a long-term summary of weather conditions, taking account of the average conditions as well as the variability of these conditions. The fluctuations that occur from yearRead MoreEnvironment Studies8323 Words   |  34 Pagesanimals, other organism water, air, soil, trees, the ocean and studying the interrelationships among biotic and abiotic components for sustainable human ecosystem. 3. Environmental Studies deals with the conservation, biodiversity, sustainable development, water management, air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, noise pollution 4. Carrying out impact analysis and environmental auditing for the further catastrophic activities, 5. Developing and curbing the pollution from existing andRead MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 Pagescauses of anthropogenic global warming. Doesn’t Recent Record Cold Weather Disprove Global Warming? In different parts of the world, there have been various weather events that at first thought would question global warming. For example, some regions have experienced extremely cold winters (sometimes record-breaking), while others have experienced heavy rain, etc. The confusion that sometimes arises is the difference between climate change and weather patterns. Weather patterns describe shortRead MoreEcco Case5429 Words   |  22 Pages4: Buyer power Force 5: Supplier power Porter’s Diamond PEST Political factors Economic factors Social factors Technological factor SWOT Generic Strategy Conclusion Sources Appendixesî ¿ ¾ Question For this assignment we have chosen question one: â€Å"The company’s strategic situation - using relevant theory and models† because it is the question we found the most interesting. For this, we have made three sub-questions to help us further narrow our report to the Hungarian market: * What

Question Free Essays

In an essay I read titled â€Å"To What End Military Power?† by Robert J. Art he looks at how and when force should be used. He suggests that there are four purposes of using forces: defensive, deterrent, compellent, and swaggering. We will write a custom essay sample on Question or any similar topic only for you Order Now Considering their usefulness today. What do you think Art means by his final quote that `The best way to keep the peace is first to prepare for war`? Military power or military assistance is not relevant to America’s policy. Rather military action is secondary even third to military assistance policy. This is due to internal administrative problems such as demilitarization or the commercialization of the military, political subversion, and not direct military attack is not in the official agenda of American military after its experience during Korean War. Globalization, in turn, opens up the door for the American to become vulnerable toward attacks from the global nations. Hence, our defense must be powerful. America is being put into a containment policy and is elevated to its commitment to defend other countries. It is compelling the military use in foreign policy. This policy increases the defense budget because it requires, besides military or defense equipment and accessories, administrative strategic and alliances in the forms of military commitments and military intervention. Question#2 (145 words) What is redundancy and why is it necessary when looking at transformation of the military. Redundancy is to simulate the military administrative structure and functional concepts which was established early in the previous American warfare but with some modification. Some of the redundancies, with a transformation strategy, may include forcible entry of mounted forces, establishment and enhancement of battle command, enhancement of soldiers, platforms, and forces protection capabilities, enhancement of theatre support capabilities, deployment and support infrastructure. In addition, the key functional concepts of the military are the creation of modularity, tailored and multifunction forces that can be rapidly deployed; increasing special operation forces; enhancing explosive ordinance disposal capabilities; enhancing security and protection capabilities; enhancing comprehensive medical diagnostic, prevention and treatment capabilities to the soldiers; increasing effort of counter-terrorism; and deploying support infrastructure as just-in-time soldiers inventory. As part of joint functional concepts, the redundancies require inter-dependencies in terms such as joint battle command, joint fires and effects, joint air and missile defense, joint force projection, and joint containment. How to cite Question, Essay examples Question Free Essays A SAMPLE OF PREVIOUS MANAGING MARKETS EXAM QUESTIONS 1. â€Å"Marketing is just about putting the gloss on the products we provide† Discuss with reference to marketing orientation and the marketing concept. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Question or any similar topic only for you Order Now You have been asked by the Chief Executive of Frozen Food Manufacturer, Birds Eye, to produce a marketing plan: 2a. Analyse and evaluate macro-environmental factors affecting the plan 2b. Analyse and evaluate customer and competitor issues affecting the plan a. Indicate some possible ways of segmenting the market for mobile phones. Discuss how each approach can be used for marketing decision making 3b. If you were a new player in the mobile phone market how would you go about positioning yourself in the market? 4. You are a market research agency who has been approached by a company who is considering entering the market for MP3 players. Produce a research plan that will help their decision making. 5. How would the marketing mix for a Swatch watch compare with that for a Rolex Watch? 6. Discuss fully which, if any, element of the marketing mix is the most important in the successful marketing for family cars. Fully justify your arguments and conclusions and illustrate your arguments with examples. 7. Discuss fully, giving justification for your arguments, which distribution policies – intensive, selective, or exclusive – would be most suitable for the following products. ) luxury executive cars, b) Levi jeans, c) handmade ladies and gents’ knitwear, d) Omega wristwatches, e) flavoured yoghurt, f) mature farmhouse cheese. 8. A mobile phone company has approached you as marketing consultant to help it increase sales to the youth market. The company has asked you to put forward a promotional strategy. 8a. How you develop the promotional strategy? 8b. What would you consider to be the most important elements of the promotional mix for this target audience? How to cite Question, Papers

Health Care Services Marketing Experience †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Health Care Services Marketing Experience? Answer: Introducation Customers experience and statements adds value to the services of the industries. The statements include the perceptions and thoughts of the customers regarding the received services. These perceptions act as an essential factor for formation of the brand image. The adjectives emotional and economical gains an important position in the contents generated by the customers regarding the received treatment. The actual scenario of the market, places the adjective economical in a higher pedestal than emotional (Berkowitz 2016). This is in terms of the motive to grab hold of the hot seat, which compromises the needs, demands and requirements of the customers within the ambience of competition. Countering this, primary objective of the companies and organizations is the attainment of success; however, it should not be by putting the needs, demands and requirements of the customers as the second priority (Sweeney et al. 2015). All these aspects align with the true essence of the aspect of cu stomer service. This essay speculates the role of the managers of healthcare organizations of Australia. The major drive behind this speculation is to peek into the impact of managerial role on the wellbeing of the customers through the means of delivering quality customer services. The above flow chart depicts the processes after the patient visit the hospital or healthcare centre. This arrival places the patient at the centre of the business. The question mark in the component patient in the system relates to the complications, which the patient is compelled to undergo for receiving quality healthcare treatment and medications. Typical examples in this direction are the formalities, which needs to be completed by putting the signatures in the documents and papers. The next component, availability of the nurse connotes the business processes required for admitting the patient. Delving deep into the interrogation, it takes the attention of the readers towards the instructions of the nurses to wait for their call to meet the doctors and get the required treatment (Kemp, Jillapalli and Becerra 2014). Negligent attitude in this direction might prove fatal for the patient in need of emergency medical treatment and first aid. In view of this perspective, the document al formalities are nullified. On the contrary, consciousness of the nurse towards the provision of emergency services health the wounds of the patients. This consciousness is one of the prime responsibilities of the nurse and the other staffs in terms of achieving customer satisfaction. In fact, employment of one nurse, as the assistant of the doctor helps in studying the suffering and ailments of the patients (Zainuddin, Russell-Bennett and Previte 2013). If one of the nurses record the pulse, other blood pressure and another one, urine and weight, under the supervision of the doctor, the burden of the doctor. Presence of the doctor is essential in these cases for mitigating the errors in taking the history of the patient. Consciousness of this fact helps in delivering the appropriate treatment to the patient, which is the prime objective of the healthcare organizations in order to expand their corporate social responsibility (Kitapci, Akdogan and Dortyol 2014). The real situation of the hospitals and healthcare centers is entirely different. In most of the cases, the patient needs to wait for long time for meeting the doctor. Ultimately when his turn comes, the doctor hardly listens to the requirements of the patients and carelessly prescribes some medicines. In addition to this, these medicines lack quality, which makes the healing process an elongated one. When the family members go to complain, the managers turn deaf ears. This stains their personality and contradicts the inner essence of the term service. This contradiction nullifies the mention of customers in this context. The means of survey and feedback possesses flexibility to upgrade the standard and quality of the healthcare services. However, a systematic approach needs to be revealed by the personnel for the achievement of positive outcomes. Even if the nurses are not on duty, other staffs need to put on duty to look after the needs and requirements of the patients (Amin and Zahora 2013). A customer help desk is an effective example of this. Here, skilled and efficient officers need to be recruited, who would properly convey the needs, demands and requirements of the patients to the higher authorities. The customer care executive needs to be courteous, so that the customers get an assurance of quality treatment and cure. Adopting social media is an effective step in providing quality services to the customers. Uploading the latest activities on the official website and social networking sites makes the customers aware of the steps undertaken by the staffs towards the improvement of their lifesty le. In this context, feedbacks are an initiative towards standardizing the quality of the healthcare services to expand the business horizon. The feedbacks and contents posted by the customers need to be regularly viewed by the personnel (Batalden et al. 2015). This is in terms of bringing innovation in the existing services. Carelessness in this regards creates a negative image in the minds of the customers. All these reflect the positive side of the staffs in terms of enhancing the stability in their relationship with the customers. On the other hand, lackadaisical attitude towards upgrading the quality of the services correlate with the negative side of the term services. It creates fissures in the relationship between the healthcare personnel and customers. Consistency in seeking effective measure to restore the stability compels the patients to switch hospitals, care homes and others. These turnovers provide the contemporary brands with the opportunity to achieve customer satisfaction by delivering quality care and treatment. Failure to adopt innovation in the healthcare services adds vulnerability to the market position of the healthcare organizations. This vulnerability adds uncertainty to the betterment of the patients from their sufferings and ailments (Gountas et al. 2014). Delving deep into the aspect, vulnerability and uncertainty questions the expertise of the personnel in te rms of the pledge that they took to serve the mankind. There goes a saying, Health is wealth. If health degrades, humans become incapable of performing the basic tasks of survival. This incapability necessitates the need for visiting the hospitals, healthcare centers for receiving care and treatment. Receiving ill treatment from the staffs aggravates the complexities in terms of curing the ailments. This ill-treatment stains the relationship making the delivered services vague. On the other hand, revealing kind, cooperative and understanding attitude towards the needs, demands and requirements of the customers adds value to the services provided by the staffs for ensuring the wellbeing of the patients (Hardyman, Daunt and Kitchener 2015). Seeking innovative ways to cure the wounds of the patients makes the staffs a savior in terms of providing them an escape from the sufferings and ailments, which they are suffering. This innovation nullifies the concept of waiting for receiving cure for their illnesses. If the appointments are taken onl ine, much of the time is saved in terms of the formalities, which acts as an obstacle in receiving getting the much needed medication (Minvielle et al. 2014). As a final touch, it can be said that evaluation possesses flexibility in terms of preserving the stability in the relationship with the customers. This preservation itself expands the scope and arena of the healthcare marketing. References Amin, M. and Zahora Nasharuddin, S., 2013. Hospital service quality and its effects on patient satisfaction and behavioural intention.Clinical Governance: An International Journal,18(3), pp.238-254. Batalden, M., Batalden, P., Margolis, P., Seid, M., Armstrong, G., Opipari-Arrigan, L. and Hartung, H., 2015. Coproduction of healthcare service.BMJ Qual Saf, pp.bmjqs-2015. Berkowitz, E.N., 2016.Essentials of health care marketing. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Gountas, S., Gountas, J., Soutar, G. and Mavondo, F., 2014. Delivering good service: personal resources, job satisfaction and nursescustomer(patient) orientation.Journal of advanced nursing,70(7), pp.1553-1563. Hardyman, W., Daunt, K.L. and Kitchener, M., 2015. Value co-creation through patient Management in health care: a micro-level approach and research agenda.Public Management regards creates a negative image in the minds of the customers.,17(1), pp.90-107. Kemp, E., Jillapalli, R. and Becerra, E., 2014. Healthcare branding: developing emotionally based consumer brand relationships.Journal of Services Marketing,28(2), pp.126-137. Kitapci, OAnswer:., Akdogan, C. and Dortyol, I.T., 2014. The impact of service quality dimensions on patient satisfaction, repurchase intentions and word-of-mouth communication in the public healthcare industry.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,148, pp.161-169. Minvielle, E., Waelli, M., Sicotte, C. and Kimberly, J.R., 2014. Managing customization in health care: A framework derived from the services sector literature.Health Policy,117(2), pp.216-227. Sweeney, J.C., Danaher, T.S. and McColl-Kennedy, J.R., 2015. Customer effort in value operations activities: Improving quality of life and behavioral intentions of health care customers.Journal of Service Research,18(3), pp.318-335. Zainuddin, N., Russell-Bennett, R. and Previte, J., 2013. The value of health and wellbeing: an empirical model of value creation in social marketing.European Journal of Marketing,47(9), pp.1504-1524.

How important is Friar Lawrence, in his language and his actions to the development of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

How important is Friar Lawrence, in his language and his actions to the development of Romeo and Juliet? Essay Friar Lawrence plays a key role in Romeo and Juliet, as an advisor to the couple, as the cleric who marries them to each other, and by planning the means of their escape from Verona. Throughout the play, his intentions may be played as being good (although this is debatable), however, the ironic outcome of his various failed stratagems is to bring about the lovers deaths, which he should have foreseen and ought to have avoided. His actions are heavily ironic, as he says in his first speech, Virtue itself turns vice being misapplied (1.3.21), meaning that even well-intentioned clerics can cause immense evil and suffering through their actions. Similarly, he advises Romeo Wisely and slow, they stumble that run fast (2.3.94) which is in obvious contradiction to his agreement to marry a couple who have only been together less than hour! Although Lawrence is able to prevent Romeo from killing himself after his banishment (3.3.109-199) it is arguably his irresponsible encouragement of the romance, and his conduct of an unlawful clandestine marriage which brings Romeo, and then Juliet to the depths of despair. Lawrence could be played an unworldly and somewhat naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve man, perhaps well-intentioned, but also vainly ambitious (to end the feud), and with little real sense of the depths of hatred between the feuding families. Zeferellis film makes clear the scale of the public violence surrounding the families vendetta, and the degree to which innocent bystanders are drawn in. We will write a custom essay sample on How important is Friar Lawrence, in his language and his actions to the development of Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How important is Friar Lawrence, in his language and his actions to the development of Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How important is Friar Lawrence, in his language and his actions to the development of Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, Buz Luhrmans (1996) version cast Pete Postlethwaite as a hippy Friar Lawrence, whose retreat from reality and knowledge of plants and potions is due to a drug habit. This resurrects a note familiar to Shakespeares first audience, that Franciscan friars were immoral people, whose outward spirituality was often just a cover for a life of vice. Such immoral clerics were familiar from medieval mystery plays, anti-catholic propaganda, and Marlowes Doctor Faustus, which cast the demon Mephistopheles as a friar. Lawrence, in his hillside cell, could be seen as remote from the reality of his community, and therefore a poor choice of an advisor for the couple, who more than anything need informed, practical advice. People often shop around for the advice they can agree with, and Lawrence is the only person in Verona who would encourage this marriage, since he believes it offers an opportunity To turn [the] households rancour to pure love. (2.3.92) A celibate churchman would not be many teenagers first choice of an advisor, and the couple only choose him because they cannot trust anyone else. The couple cannot trust their parents or extended families, and Romeo shuts out Mercutio and Benvolio from his thoughts. Juliet hasonly the Nurse to confide in, who is an even less reliable advisor. When he first appears collecting plants on a hillside above Verona, he may seem a rather distracted and professorial figure. He believes nought so vile that on earth doth live, / But to the earth some special good doth give which seems naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve after what we have seen of the behaviour of the Capulet and Montague servants (1.1) and especially Tybalt, who needs no encouragement to violence, and spurns good sense and moderation (1.1. 68-9 1.5.52-7, 1.5.88-91) His actions are illegal, according to (1) the English law of marriage, (2) Catholic canon law, as the marriage he concludes is clandestine, done without the consent of the couples parents. Moreover, Romeo and Juliet are minors (at least in England), and here the plays exotic Italian setting allows Shakespeare to suspend the audiences disbelief. If Lawrence does not know what he has done, he is foolish naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, whereas if he does, he is dishonest. Evidence for the second point of view is the way he arranges Juliets faked death (4.1.89-120) as the means of helping her avoid the hastily planned marriage to Paris. Unlike Romeo, Juliet does not fully trust Lawrence, fearing he might poison her Lest in this marriage [to Paris] he should be dishonoured /Because he married me before to Romeo? / I fear it is. (4.3.24-28). When she says he hath still been tried a holy man (4.3.29) her belief seems a rationalisation, grudging at best: at this point, she has no alternative but to trust the friar. When Juliets drugged body is been discovered, Lawrence calmly and efficiently stage manages her removal, proving he can when he needs to be be an accomplished liar, or (at best) an improviser. The Capulet family clearly trust him, (4.2.13; 4.2.31) and his actions are, by any standards, a betrayal of that trust. Later on, Juliets doubts are vindicated, as Lawrence abandons her after Romeos suicide. Having failed to prevent this, Lawrence should foresee Juliets likely reaction, which is, of course, to kill herself. Lawrences final desperate plan is to dispose of [Juliet] / Among a sisterhood of holy nuns (5.3156-7) His use of the the verb dispose could be significant, implying he is more concerned about his own reputation, safety and interests than in Juliets. She considers herself a grieving widow and has no vocation to be a celibate religious. This action shows once again Lawrences cavalier attitude to religious ceremonies and vows; he will marry people who barely know each other, and encourage the ordination of people with no vocation. Hearing the arriving Capulets, his main fear is for himself, saying I dare no longer stay (5.3.159), leaving Juliet to contemptuously (?) reply, Go, get thee hence, for I will not away. (5.3.160) For the second time in the play, she is abandoned by an unreli able, self-reserving adult in whom she had placed her trust. Lawrences use of language at various points in the play is extremely skilful, which only serves to underline the crassness of his final remark to Juliet. He is generally well able to manipulate others feelings, as in (3.2) where he adroitly shames Romeo out of his first suicide attempt by accusing Romeo of first effeminacy and then irrationality: Art thou a man? Thy form cries out thou art yet Thy tears are womanish; thy wild acts denote the unreasonable fury of a beast. He uses cleverly puns Unseemly [i.e. improper] woman in a seeming [i.e. apparent] man; / Or ill-seeming beast in seeming both! (3.2.107-112). He then skilfully urges Romeo to stay alive and consider his wife, as his death would slay thy lady that in thy life lives (3.2.115-6), which is of course what happens in (5.3). Similarly, in (4.5) Lawrence emphasises the grieving Capulets guilt in Juliets first (apparent) suicide, which he blames on the familys thirst for promotion and advancement by an unwanted marriage to Paris, whereas the Capulets true rationale was pressing the marriage as a means of distracting Juliet from her ostensible grief for Tybalt. Lawrences wordplay is extremely clever, as he harps on the Capulets desire to see Juliet well-married; they meant to see her married to a good man, whose steady character and honest affection for Juliet was plain for all to see. Now, in the death chamber Lawrence emphasises the iniquity of the Capulets pressing the marriage to Paris for its economic benefits. Now, he argues, Juliet is, in death advancd / Above the clouds, as high as heaven itself (4.5.69-74). He uses a series of clever oxymorons to point out the way in which, by trying to make Juliet happy, they unintentionally compounded her misery: O! in this love, you love your child so ill (4.5.74). He continues, Shes not married well, that lives married long; / But shes married best that dies married young (4.5.76-8); this must not make much sense to the listening Capulets, but is full of significance (and dramatic irony) for the audience. Unknown to her family, Juliet is already married well and by the prologue choruss prophecy, we know she will not be married long and will indeed die young. It also makes us speculate what Lawrence believes would have happened in view of Romeo and Juliets hasty marriage if the couple had somehow been able to survive and be together for a decent length of time. Lawrences most eloquent and effective speech is his final brief (40 line) summing up of the plays action (5.3 229-269). This is dramatically necessary to inform both the Monatague and Capulet families, as well as the Prince, of the full truth of the preceding events. Often cut from productions on the grounds of redundancy, this speech can be dramatically effective, moving audiences, as it clearly moves those on stage, so that ironically Lawrence is final able to shock and shame the couples feuding families into a final reconciliation. As in (4.5), Lawrence does not seek to soften the blow for the grieving parents. On top of the horror of seeing the gore of the tomb, which they can see for themselves, Lawrence draws their attention to both their dead bodies and previously hidden past history (Romeo, there dead And she, there dead, 5.3.231-2); he persistently asks the audience to confront the tragedy of their deaths, as well as those of Paris and Tybalt (5.3.234-64), thus emphasising the scale of the tragedy almost a whole generation wiped out for nothing. He then reveals the truth of the lovers relationship, adding a note of pathos by commemorating the couples devotion and fidelity, underscoring their hidden identities as bride and groom, husband and wife (husband to that Juliet, Romeos faithful wife, 5.3.231-2). Lawrences recapitulation of events demands that the audience relive and reconsider the totality of the plays action. It is also an opportunity for Lawrence to spread the blame for those events on to others, before only at the end accepting any blame himself. His short date of breath (5.3.229) is arguably an appeal for sympathy before beginning his account. At first, he merely notes that I married them and quickly glosses over the self- compromising details of their stolen marriage-day (5.3.233). Everyone is held accountable: You [Capulets] Betrothd and would have married [Juliet] perforce, /To County Paris (5.3.237-29). Juliets wild looks and suicide threat (4.1.49-69 )forced Lawrence into action. He then goes into the bare facts of his plan: the feigned death, reviving Juliet in his cell, and bringing Romeo back from Mantua, drawing first Friar John (5.3.250-252) and then the Nurse (5.3.266) into his tangled web. He glosses over his final hasty plan, so his final acceptance of responsibility and plea for punishment arguably sounds less sincere (5.3.266-269). He omits to say why he is too scared to stay with the desperate Juliet and prevent at least her suicide. While Romeos final letter to his father confirms most of Lawrences account, (5.3.286-290), Lawrence has arguably spun the story of the lovers courtship, marriage and death in his own favour. The last word on Lawrence in the play goes to the Prince, who still says We still have known thee for a holy man [emphasis added]. This line, which eerily echoes Juliet (4.3.29, above) could be made to bristle with tension, and the family members could be directed to blanch at any attempt to clear the Friar. And even if the Princes words are meant to be taken at face value, one wonders if he and the grieving families will be so forgiving later. In conclusion, Friar Lawrence is a morally ambiguous character in the play, whose actions play a great part in the lovers tragedy, and whose motivation is anything but clear and straightforward.

Macy’s Essay Example

Macy’s Essay Example Macy’s Essay Macy’s Essay Macy’s is a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of Federated Department Stores, Inc.   It is a part of a retail organization, which sells a wide range of merchandise such as apparel and accessories for men, women, and children, home furnishings, cosmetics, and other consumer goods.   The operations of Macy’s are largely affected by pressures from its competitors including department stores, mass merchandisers, specialty stores, and other retailers.   Apart from competitors, Macy’s operations are also affected by the spending levels of general consumer, which are characterized by consumer confidence and employment levels. In the past years, Macy’s, under the governance of Federated Department Stores, Inc., has been focused on four key priorities in order to improve business.   These priorities include simplifying pricing, improving overall shopping experience, differentiating and editing merchandise assortments, and communicating better with customers a more brand focused marketing. The Federated Department Stores, Inc. in which Macy’s is an indirect subsidiary believes that a total marketing strategy will surely improve company success as well as gain advantage over its competitors.   As such, it has implemented the 5 P’s of marketing, which include the 4 P’s (product, promotion, place, and price) and an added P, that is, people.   In terms of product, the company eliminated intermediaries’ costs, which allowed good quality, produced higher margins, and lowered consumer prices.   As to promotion, the national television advertising served as a significant factor for Macy’s.   Through Macy’s standing as a single national brand of Federated Department Stores, Inc., the production costs have been lowered.   Consequently, the cost per exposure of national television is low.   On the other hand, the company makes it a point to strike a balance between national branding and local implementation of its products.   In terms of price, the company offers value for its customers through lower costs for products, administration, store operations, and marketing.   The fifth and final factor for the company’s total marketing strategy is people.   The company believes in well-trained and committed professionals that can offer great value for business and consumers.   Its people encompass passion for fashion, attention to detail, and belief in the power of store display. On the other hand, one of Macy’s largest competitors is JC Penney.   JC Penney also belongs to the retail industry.   It is focused on conducting extensive customer research, measuring marketing productivity, product development and sourcing, developing new training programs for its employees and minimizing operational risks related to communication and information systems. In 2006, JC Penney began making use of an online survey in order to accumulate customer feedback on store shopping experience.   The information obtained is utilized by the company’s stores to enhance efforts on improvements, which will better meet its customers’ needs. JC Penney monitors its external environment as part of its efforts on measuring marketing productivity.   Its external environment includes retail competitors, consumer trends, current economic outlook, and retail industry.   The company makes use of post-event analyses and other measurement tools to understand strategies, strengths and weaknesses, and performance of its competitors. JC Penney has acknowledged that it should be able to maintain its reputation among its constituents in order to achieve its strategies.   The company supports individual responsibility to its customers, investors, regulators, suppliers and the public through training, code of ethics, policies, and mechanisms.   It has maintained that it should focus on its integrity and reputation, which has always been a key aspect in the company’s success. Macy’s and JC Penney both belong in the retail industry.   As such, it is inevitable that competition is situated between the two companies.   Although Macy’s has already established its competitive position, a defense strategy should always be a priority to keep up with the changing strategies of its competitors such as JC Penney.   Company goals should always be able to complement its business strategy, thus, entails several key success factors.   The competition among retail companies is getting stiff.   Macy’s can open its doors to investors as it expands operations in order to meet its strategic objectives.   The company may get additional resources through initial public offering of their shares after which will be directed to a secondary market.   If Macy’s would be able to open to investors and eventually penetrate into a reputable secondary market, it will indicate more opportunities for the company to raise the necessary funds.   Another possible way is the forging of business combination or acquisition of smaller competitors in order to integrate the resources of combined business segments. As to promotion and advertising, Macy’s should provide considerable information for new services and monthly promotions.   The advertising technique to be used by Macy’s should be conventional yet practical and should be preferred by most clients who do not want to waste time going through a lot of links before they finally reach their selections or purposes.   If Macy’s intends to harness the power of the internet in doing business, it should also consider the design of the website as this would serve as the interface between itself and its clients or customers.   Macy’s should ensure that browsing over the website is convenient and components appearing thereon are functional.

Construction Legal Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Construction Legal Studies - Essay Example The government has developed the Joints Contract Tribunal (JCT) forms and representatives RIBA, which covers a wide range of topics in the construction of a building. There are forms that assist all parties involved in determining the price cost, lump sum, agreements between employer and builder, the construction of streets, additional provisions, etc. These forms are very detailed and if followed, will make the project easier, more manageable, and more acceptable to all. This will result in fewer risks of liabilities. If the employer abides by the Standard Form of Contract and follows his/her duties as listed, he/she will find that all will be more efficient. The architect, Clerk of Works, and others are specialists in their specific field and know better how to perform these duties. Therefore, the employer does not have to take on these responsibilities, will not what to do and what not to do, and will also know what his/her rights are in the case that the contractor becomes bankrupt. Finally, the employer will be less liable should a situation arise. The Joints Contract Tribunal (JCT) forms lay out the architect’s instructions and he must abide by the guidelines, which are set forth in Clause 4.1 of the form. To keep each other accountable, determinations by the employer and contractor are listed in complete details on Forms 27 and 28. The building contract should lay out all the roles, responsibilities, and rights of each and every employer and employee. ... If the employer abides by the Standard Form of Contract and follows his/her duties as listed, he/she will find that all will be more efficient. The architect, Clerk of Works, and others are specialists in their specific field and know better how to perform these duties. Therefore, the employer does not have to take on these responsibilities, will not what to do and what not to do, and will also know what his/her rights are in the case that the contractor becomes bankrupt. Finally, the employer will be less liable should a situation arise. The Joints Contract Tribunal (JCT) forms lay out the architect's instructions and he must abide by the guidelines, which are set forth in Clause 4.1 of the form. To keep each other accountable, determinations by the employer and contractor are listed in complete details on Forms 27 and 28. The building contract should lay out all the roles, responsibilities, and rights of each and every employer and employee. The Architect's instructions should follow the guidelines as listed in the JCT. The same applies for Architects 1 and 2 as should also apply for Employers 1, 2, and 3. All has been presented and laid out in JCT and if Construction Legal Studies 3 followed precisely whilst adding specific details pertaining to the specific project and staff. Another avenue to take in order to insure that the on-site construction is managed effectively to avoid problems is be familiar with the occasions that require the issuance of a certificate. Legal Studies (2002) lists the matters that require certificates to be issued: a. Practical Completion of the Works. (17.1) b. On making good defects. (17.4) c. Damage by frost due to injury which took place before the practical

Energy Efficiency in Design & Construction Coursework

Energy Efficiency in Design & Construction - Coursework Example The old and traditional way of constructing building with the help of steel and glass are now considered inefficient after sufficient research in this area and new methods have been developed that can help in saving energy significantly (Rosemary, 2006, p. 5). Among all other sectors, commercial building sector is that sector, which consumes most of the energy. This is because of the ever-increasing number of commercial and public activities that require an increasing amount of heating, cooling, and air conditioning. Furthermore, with the growth of information technology, and the role that it is playing in improved means of communications; it is also adding to be one of the highest energy consuming sources. Ways to go Energy-Efficient! Some of the energy inefficient ways of construction include â€Å"investing in traditional HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning), mercury vapor, or halogen lighting, using glass that does not resist heat loss and the like† (IEECB 201 2, 2012). ... ly and efficiently, installing motion sensors in rooms and offices that would turn off the lights automatically when no one is in the room and the like. Following are some of the energy efficient ways of designing and constructing that can not only help in controlling global warming, but can also save companies and residents millions of pounds (IEECB 2012, 2012). Alternatives to ventilation, heating and air conditioning have been found that give the same effect but consume much less energy. For example, double glazed windows are an amazing alternative to air-conditioning and it stops the heat from outside to enter inside. At the same time, it also acts as an instrument to cut noise. Similar is the case with compact fluorescent bulbs that save a lot energy as compared to their old counterpart, incandescent bulbs. Using thermal envelopes is one of the techniques to keep the heat where it is supposed to be. Thermal envelopes include everything and anything that separate the indoor of th e house from the outside. This includes proper insulation, wall, and roof assemblies, windows and the like (Crosbie, 1998, p. 14). Using wood for making house is extremely energy efficient. The houses made from wood are not only energy efficient, but also they are also long lasting and stable. R-value is an important factor in determining the intensity of insulation. The insulation material with high R-values would have higher heat resistance and thus are more energy efficient. The number of windows and its careful placement also helps in carefully saving the energy and using it efficiently. This is because windows become a medium of losing heat and in a typical house, windows lead to approximately 25 percent of heat loss. Therefore, experts suggest that in an energy efficient house, there

Local Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Local Policy - Essay Example (Ulin,2002) They believe that a diverse group of people fosters an environment conducive to creativity, productivity and high performance that affords each individual the opportunity to reach their fullest potential. Proper facilitation and administration provides leverage to the diversity of America as a competitive advantage in the global aspect that they face and to make America a better place to live and prosper for immigrants such as the Irish. Diversity in the workforce has contributed to the emergence of awareness and acceptance of employees from different races, ages and gender. Women are now more involved in different sectors and has made notable contributions as well. The traditional notion that women should be limited to the four corners of the house with the ultimate position as a housewife is now long gone. Single or married women, with or without kids, are continuously striving to flourish their own career profiles for their self-fulfillment and also to help in the financial capacity of the household. Gender discrimination can still be an issue but not as progressive as it previously was. However, working women are still subject to stereotypes and biases for some of them may be possible victims of prejudice and bias. Most companies have the tendency to hire and retain working women w... Most companies have the tendency to hire and retain working women who are still single and without any kids. Ideally, they believe that these single women have fewer responsibilities to fulfill for they are free from the familial problems that arise from arguments with husbands or kids getting sick. This can be an issue for this notion is somewhat subjective and does not really apply to all for there are still working mothers and wives who are able to do their jobs very well. Being a mother is already a huge responsibility and being a wife in another tedious task. However having multiple roles to perform outside the workplace may hinder or permit these working women to perform and stay at par with the single women in the workforce. The City of Los Angeles shall work toward implementing the principles of CEDAW to ensure the protection of human rights, including the elimination of discrimination against women and girls. (Willard, 1991) The impact on the criminal justice system is that in undertaking the enforcement of this Ordinance, the City of Los Angeles is assuming an undertaking only to promote the general welfare. It is not assuming, nor is it imposing on its officers and employees, an obligation, the breach of which creates any liability in money damages to any person who claims that the breach proximately caused injury. This ordinance does not create any private cause of action. (Ordinance 175735). The Commission on the Status of Women developed guidelines regarding gender analysis. Each department reports annually to the Commission on the Status of Women, in accordance with the established guidelines, on how it is implementing the provisions of CEDAW and

Reception of Video Art in Galleries

Reception of Video Art in Galleries Critically examine the notion that the reception of video art is strongly affected by being seen in an art gallery situation Introduction Video art began as an avant-garde movement that challenged the very nature of art in the 1960’s and 1970’s with the likes of Nam June Paik, Bruce Nauman and Stuart Marshall. These artists created powerful pieces in response to the mainstream explosion of cinema and television, and as a challenge to the traditional artistic forms of painting and sculpture. The artists helped to bring art closer to the general public and relieved artists of the need to create specific objects. However, as technology has grown and video art has become more popular, it has moved from the fringes of art to the mainstream setting of the art gallery.[1] Before this the art gallery was a place for traditional forms of art such as painting and sculpture. One of the most interesting topics of discussion regarding video art is how this move into art galleries has changed the reception to video art. It is argued that the reception of video art is strongly affected by being seen in an art gallery si tuation. The aim of this essay is to critically examine this claim, and see how the setting of video art affects the perception of such art. This will be done by look at how setting influences artistic reception, looking at the reception of video art in gallery settings and other settings, and also how the medium of video art itself can influence the gallery experience. Influence of setting on art There are a number of studies and theories regarding the influence of setting on art and artistic reception in various mediums. It is clear that within video art the addition of a gallery setting would change the nature of the art itself. The earliest forms of video art were all on single screens outside of the art gallery setting, and the works were very much of a particular moment in time and had a fairly short lifespan as artistic pieces.[2] However, as video art moved into a gallery setting it merged with other forms of art to create the video installation. This meant the video art was now based in an environment – embedded in a particular time and space. This gave a physical aspect to vide art that had not previously been seen, and has had a major influence on the genre. Installation art is now one of the most common forms of video art, particularly in a gallery setting as it allows video artists to experiment in more ways than ever before. [3] This has meant that video art has merged into other genres, and become part of a larger multi-media, multi-form type of art rather than being a type of visual art on its own. The nature of galleries means that purely video art is being replaced with installation art as it has a more physical presence than traditional video art that was the antithesis of traditional physical art. [4]Another factor worth considering is the psychological aspect of reception towards art in a certain setting. Art that is viewed within a gallery setting may well be seen as more ‘respectable’ and ‘valuable’ than art seen in other settings, but it may also be seen as more ‘traditional’ and constrained than art outside of a gallery setting. There seems to be little research on this particular point, but the researcher supposes that this sort of difference in reception could be possible. Another factor with video art is that the setting of the art might determine how the art is created in itself. Video artists see their projects almost as their children, and therefore want it shown in a particular way as it was intended. If a video art piece was intended to be spontaneous and viewed in a casual setting, then a gallery viewing of such a piece may limit its effectiveness, or even possibly change its meaning altogether.[5] The reception of video art in a gallery setting Video art in a gallery setting is often received differently to how it might be received in a non-gallery setting. Video art in a gallery and video art in another setting may be the separation between what is known as ‘art’ and what is simply known as ‘media’ or ‘television’. The move of video art into the gallery setting has supported its claim to be a mainstream art form. This validation of video art, merely by being seen in an art gallery setting has moved it away from the medium of television and towards the concept of philosophical aesthetics. This is a major shift in the reception of video art from simply a popular culture medium to a valid and critical artistic medium.[6] Another way to look at it is that perhaps the reception of video art is not changed within a gallery setting, but that the actual form of the video art is in fact changed within the gallery setting. Rather than being video art in the form of tape, video art in a gallery setting is either in the form of a live video performance or as an art installation combined with other physical forms of art such as architecture, sculpture, or other interactive multi-media forms. The only way to really determine this is by viewing art exhibitions in both a gallery and non-gallery setting to see if the reception has indeed changed. However, at this point there is very little research on this area as most art pieces are created for one specific setting rather than multiple settings. Therefore, it seems more likely that in many cases the reception of the art is not influenced by setting, but the creation of the art itself is influenced by the setting it is to be placed in.[7] The biggest change perhaps is that video art has moved from the single-screen, non site-specific form to the site-specific installation form. In the original single screen form, which is close to the medium of television, then the gallery setting is unlikely to alter the reception of the art piece. This is because the piece is setting-neutral and will be interpreted individually by each person regardless of setting. However, the form of video art in galleries today is generally installation art, which is site-specific. The art has been created with a specific setting in mind, surrounded by other art forms. In this case the reception of the art would be changed in different settings, but it is unlikely that a site-specific piece would be viewed outside of a gallery or its specific setting.[8] Influence of video art on the gallery experience Video art has been influenced by the gallery setting in its creation more than its specific reception, but video art and other multi-media art has also influenced the gallery experience and changed the way in which art can be perceived. The placement of video art and other multi-media art forms within galleries has challenged the nature of what ‘art’ is and has changed the nature of a gallery. Before this, art in galleries was limited to paintings and sculptures, and therefore the definition of ‘art’ was concerned with things that hung on walls or sat on pedestals. Video art added a completely new element to the gallery space and changed the gallery experience itself. The previous ‘empty space’ in the gallery was now utilized as a part of the artistic framework rather than merely somewhere to display objects. The empty gallery becomes a place for performance and ideas in itself, and space became just as important as the objects within the galler y.[9] Art shifted from the premise of ‘art as object’ to one of ‘art as idea and action’. This not only changed the way in which galleries were seen, but also changed the nature of video art by putting it firmly in the realm of ‘acceptable’ art rather than merely a part of popular culture. It helped to separate video art from the medium of television, drawing a distinct line between the two. It also helped video art to merge into other art forms, and for other forms of art to embrace the influence of video.[10] Furthermore, the acceptance of video art influence the gallery experience by letting other newer formats over the last few years to infiltrate the once sacred gallery space. Computer visuals, Internet exhibits and even live musical and dramatic performance are now part of the gallery experience in many places – something that would have been almost unheard of 30 or 40 years ago.[11] Finally, the acceptance of video art in a gallery setting has influenced the way in which new galleries are designed and laid out. Rather than simply having traditional spaces for paintings and sculptures, new gallery designs incorporate larger areas for performance, installation art and other multi-media art forms. The influence of video art on the gallery experience is perhaps just as strong as the influence of the gallery setting on video art.[12] Conclusion The notion that the reception of video art is strongly influenced by the gallery setting is somewhat misleading. Whilst there is clear evidence that the genre of video art has been massively influenced by the gallery reception, this is more to do with the creation of art rather than its reception. Of course, its reception in terms of its acceptance and standing within the artistic community and amongst the general public has been heightened by its introduction into the gallery setting. However, the major change has been in the move from site-neutral, single screen video art to larger, multi-media installations that incorporate video art and are often site-specific within the gallery setting. Conversely, video art has a significant effect on the gallery experience. It has changed the nature of what constitutes art and what a gallery should look like, as well as pave the way for other newer forms of art to be accepted within the gallery setting. Over the last thirty or forty years, the acceptance of video art into the gallery setting has changed both the way in which video art is commonly created, as well as change the way the gallery setting as a whole is viewed and used. Bibliography Balagopal, R., 2005. Installation Art. (Online). Available at: http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/Research/articles/PFInstallationArt.pdf (Accessed 11th August 2008). Bruce, B.C., 2000. The Work of Art in the Age of Digital Reproduction. Journal of Adolescent Adult Literacy, 44(1), p. 66. Carter, C.L., 1979. Aesthetics, Video Art and Television. Leonardo, 12(4), pp. 289-293. Elwes, C., Neshat, S., and University of the Arts London., 2005. Video Art : A Guided Tour. London: I.B. Tauris. Hanhardt, J.G., Villasenor, M.C., 1995. Video/Media Culture of the Late Twentieth Century. Art Journal, 54(4), pp. 20-25. Lisus, N.A., and Ericson, R.V., 1999. Authorizing Art: The Effect of Multimedia Formats on the Museum Experience. The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 36(2), p. 199+. London, B., 1996. Video Spaces. Performing Arts Journal, 18(3), pp. 14-19. Lovejoy, M., 2004. Digital Currents: Art in the Electronic Age. New York: Routledge. McCarthy, K.F., and Ondaatje, E.H., 2002. From Celluloid to Cyberspace: The Media Arts and the Changing Arts World. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. Millard, R., 2005. Notebook: Buying Video Art Is Not at All Simple. Artists Sell to Who They like, and Dictate How the Work Is Shown. New Statesman, 134(4730), p. 41. Phelan, A., 1984. The Impact of Technology and Post Modern Art on Studio Art Education. Art Education, 37(2), pp. 30-36. Suderburg, E., 2000. Space, Site, Intervention: Situating Installation Art. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Footnotes [1] Elwes, C., Neshat, S., and University of the Arts London., 2005, pp. ix-x [2] London, B., 1996, p. 14. [3] Hanhardt, J.G., Villasenor, M.C., 1995, pp. 20-21 [4] Balagopal, R., 2005. [5] Millard, R., 2005. [6] Carter, C.L., 1979, p 289. [7] Carter, C.L., 1979, p. 290 [8] Suderburg, E., 2000, pp. 2-14 [9] Phelan, A., 1984, pp. 30-33 [10] Lovejoy, M., 2004, pp. 101-103 [11] McCarthy, K.F., and Ondaatje, E.H., 2002, pp. 53-54 [12] Lisus, N.A., and Ericson, R.V., 1999, pp. 199-201

The Theme of Self Esteem in Othello Essay -- Essays Papers

The Theme of Self Esteem in Othello For the theater-going people of the Elizabethan age, there were many hardships. Many of them experienced poor living conditions and treatment. All of them faced the dangers of a comparatively underdeveloped medical knowledge which often left the young and elderly to die of common diseases. The magic of Shakespeare is not only that historians can learn of otherwise undocumented details of the 1500's, but also that all readers can discover the many similarities between Shakespeare's day and now. These similarities reside heavily not only in speech, but also the human condition. When compared with the people we know today, Shakespeare's characters exhibit only skin-deep differences. Some identical language expressions may owe their modern existance to Shakespeare's presence in literary education, but identical emotional reactions surely cannot stem solely from the lecture hall. The English inhabitants of the 16th century, as seen through William Shakespeare's eyes, experienced the same love, hate, and jealousy that we do today. Just as our modern films and music often include implied moral lessons, so too does Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice. All its primary characters and themes of unstable love and exploitation culminate into one simple message about the key importance of loving oneself. Iago, the villian of the tale, is responsible for initiating most of the turbulence found in the plot. Essentially, Iago chooses two insecure individuals on which to work his exploitation: Roderigo and Othello. Othello, arguably the main character of the play, is Iago's primary pawn. Roderigo becomes a secondary card in Iago's deck, as well as his source of money. Blinded by his lo... ...ny sort of hardships such as financial difficulties or emotional manipulation just like that exercised against Othello and Desdemona. Even today, similar messages about self empowerment are widely seen in popular novels, films, and television programs. Contemporary examples include Harry Potter, "28 Days", "Sesame Street", and many others. One can almost imagine an unwealthy villager emerging from lengthy stay in a packed theatre making a firm resolve to finally regain the strength to sever ties to an untrustworthy and treacherous acquaintance. Works Cited Myers, David G. Psychology, 6th Edition. Holland, Michigan: Worth Publishers, 2001. Dolezal, Timothy William. Moor Impotency: Othello's Powerlessness in Sexual and Social Relationships. 14 Dec. 1998. University of Notre Dame. 23 June 2003 <http://www.nd.edu/~frswrite/mcpartlin/1999/Dolezal.shtml>. The Theme of Self Esteem in Othello Essay -- Essays Papers The Theme of Self Esteem in Othello For the theater-going people of the Elizabethan age, there were many hardships. Many of them experienced poor living conditions and treatment. All of them faced the dangers of a comparatively underdeveloped medical knowledge which often left the young and elderly to die of common diseases. The magic of Shakespeare is not only that historians can learn of otherwise undocumented details of the 1500's, but also that all readers can discover the many similarities between Shakespeare's day and now. These similarities reside heavily not only in speech, but also the human condition. When compared with the people we know today, Shakespeare's characters exhibit only skin-deep differences. Some identical language expressions may owe their modern existance to Shakespeare's presence in literary education, but identical emotional reactions surely cannot stem solely from the lecture hall. The English inhabitants of the 16th century, as seen through William Shakespeare's eyes, experienced the same love, hate, and jealousy that we do today. Just as our modern films and music often include implied moral lessons, so too does Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice. All its primary characters and themes of unstable love and exploitation culminate into one simple message about the key importance of loving oneself. Iago, the villian of the tale, is responsible for initiating most of the turbulence found in the plot. Essentially, Iago chooses two insecure individuals on which to work his exploitation: Roderigo and Othello. Othello, arguably the main character of the play, is Iago's primary pawn. Roderigo becomes a secondary card in Iago's deck, as well as his source of money. Blinded by his lo... ...ny sort of hardships such as financial difficulties or emotional manipulation just like that exercised against Othello and Desdemona. Even today, similar messages about self empowerment are widely seen in popular novels, films, and television programs. Contemporary examples include Harry Potter, "28 Days", "Sesame Street", and many others. One can almost imagine an unwealthy villager emerging from lengthy stay in a packed theatre making a firm resolve to finally regain the strength to sever ties to an untrustworthy and treacherous acquaintance. Works Cited Myers, David G. Psychology, 6th Edition. Holland, Michigan: Worth Publishers, 2001. Dolezal, Timothy William. Moor Impotency: Othello's Powerlessness in Sexual and Social Relationships. 14 Dec. 1998. University of Notre Dame. 23 June 2003 <http://www.nd.edu/~frswrite/mcpartlin/1999/Dolezal.shtml>.

Mexican Immigrants

The number of Mexican immigrants, both legal and illegal, in California today is quite staggering.   Amidst the terrorist threat issues and various biological scares, these immigrants have changed the economy of California completely. The state of California once boasted a healthy employment market for immigrants, as well as natives.   Now, the economy of California is in recession, along with the rest of the United States.   According to the California Employment Development Department, unemployment numbers rose to 4.5 percent in October, which is a rise from the 2.1 percent a year ago. Of the thousands of jobs lost in September and October, over half were in hospitality, service, and construction.(The Waiting Game, 2006) As a result of the drop in employment, Mexican immigrants are struggling to survive.   Most immigrants are in the United States to make a better life for their families, who are often still in Mexico.   They work and earn wages to pay their living expenses here, and the rest is sent back to their families.   Most have now taken to the streets to stand and wait for a job opportunity.   Undocumented seasonal workers are the most vulnerable.   They make up 8.5 percent of the total number of immigrants, and they have to resort to sleeping in parks and under bridges. According to Martha Sanchez-Gomez, a specialist from the Social Research Institute of the Nacional Autonomous University of Mexico, said that immigrants suffer discrimination and social vulnerabilities.   She also states that permanent immigrants make up 61.6 percent of the total, while those who travel back and forth between here and Mexico represent 28.8 percent.   The latter are those who work with the high seasons, when the demand for workers is higher.   Ã‚  (Mexidata.Info-July 2005) The adult immigrants are not the only ones who suffer.   The numbers of children that have had no formal education before immigration is outrageous.   These children fall far behind the children of other California residents.   Tied in with the uneducated parents, they struggle just to get through day to day life.   Ms. Sanchez-Gomez states that statistically, 3.2 percent of adult immigrants have had no schooling, whereas 66.6 percent have a maximum of six year of education.   The majority of the farm workers are young men with very low levels of education.   About 10 percent are women, who prefer jobs as hotel chambermaids or as domestic workers, or to do cleaning work in nearby restaurants. It is widely believed that Mexican immigrants should be allowed to become United States citizens on the conditions that they pass the citizenship tests and that they cooperate with local government.   While this is an opportunity for them, it leaves a gapping whole in local economies as well as the nation’s economy. There are several views, both pros and cons, to letting Mexican immigrants stay in the United States.   There is a heated debate taking place now that, if solved, will provide some general laws that are more defined than what they are now. Think about the pros to illegal immigrants become permanent citizens.   These immigrants will contribute more money to economies.   Some will continue their education, and go one to open more businesses, thereby providing more employment.   Because they have an unspoken assumption that they should earn their own way, the immigrants tend to struggle in silence, never asking for governmental financial services such as Food Stamps.   This reduces the liability to tax payers. The cons to illegal immigrants staying in the United States far outweigh the pros.   Immigrants have caused the homeless population to rise.   The available employment, as stated before, has dropped severely, largely due to the fact that the immigrants are satisfied with working for minimum wage.   The available housing has dropped as well, and will continue to drop due to the large numbers of illegal immigrants that manage to sneak across the border. Mexican immigrants increase the poverty levels.   Although they are making as much as 10 times what they would in Mexico, the standard of living in the United States is much higher.   These immigrants do not generally take this information into account when they make their plans to immigrate.   About 47 percent of undocumented Mexicans believe that improving their quality of life can only be improved by coming to the United States. One common myth about illegal Mexican immigrants is that they are all criminals deserving to be severely punished.   However, the typical immigrant is an honest person, struggling to give a better life to himself and his family.   A large percentage of these immigrants mind their own business, and are far from being violent criminals.   Can we say that much about the United States population? Another quite racist myth about the immigrants is that they are just here as parasites that are feeding off our tax dollars and not contributing in return.   As stated earlier, they know that they have to pay their own way, and thus always offer something in return for what they may need.   Mexican workers pay sales taxes on their purchases, the same as everyone else, but illegal immigrants are often taken advantage of and paid below minimum wage.   This gives the employer a higher profit margin.   They are simply pocketing the taxes they withhold from payrolls. Right now, with the nation being in the condition that it is, the Mexican immigrants are hurting us more and more the longer that they stay here.   Most of these immigrants can not read or write, let alone speak English.   They are taking up valuable space and employment that is severely needed to raise our national economy.   We have enough problems with Americans.   We have a growing number of homeless.   We have a growing number of unemployed mothers and fathers, who struggle to feed their children.   The dependency of government social services by Americans grows as each day passes. There needs to be a set decision made as to the fate of the Mexican immigrants.   Either we give them the opportunity to become citizens, or we deport them.   There should be no in between.   Those that cannot become legal immigrants, even if they have a temporary work visa, should be deported as well.   There are other ways for the United States to help the Mexicans. One way that the United States can offer assistance to Mexicans, without the fear of it being solely a charity effort, is to open more businesses in Mexico.   We have all these huge corporations and ridiculously large multi-million dollar companies.   If we start opening more businesses in Mexico, with pay standards the same as ours, Mexico’s economy will benefit.   Why should the drug dealers and slum lords be the only ones that are happy and have a good quality of life? Resources 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hue, Vanessa   (September 9, 2005) Mexican Immigrants’ Kids Falter in School  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/09/09/BAGL1EKTDM1.DTL 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Notimex News Service Of Mexico City (July 25, 2006) Mexican Immigrants in California Lack Basic Services   for Mexidata.Info   Ã‚  www.mexidata.info/id555.html 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schefler, Chris (2006) writing for the University of Dayton  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Racist Myths about Mexican Immigrants  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/guadalu4.htm                              

Modern Orthodox Judaism

Judaism (from the Latin Iudaismus, derived from the Greek Ioudaismos, and ultimately from the Hebrew , Yehudah, â€Å"Judah†;[1][2] in Hebrew: , Yahadut, the distinctive characteristics of the Judean ethnos)[3] is the religion, philosophy and way of life of the Jewish people. [4] A monotheistic religion originating in the Hebrew Bible (also known as the Tanakh) and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God established with the Children of Israel. 5] Rabbinic Judaism holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah. [6] Historically, this assertion was challenged by various groups such as the Sadducees and Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period; the Karaites and Sabbateans during the early and later medieval period;[7] and among segments of the modern reform movements. Liberal movements in modern times such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic. 8] Judaism claims a historical continuity spanning more than 3,000 years. Of the major world religions, Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions. [9][10] The Hebrews / Israelites were already referred to as â€Å"Jews† in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title â€Å"Children of Israel†. [11] Judaism's texts, traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam and the Baha'i Faith. 12][13] Many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law. [14] Jews are an ethnoreligious group[15] and include those born Jewish and converts to Judaism. In 2010, the world Jewish population was estimated at 13. 4 million, or roughly 0. 2% of the total world population. About 42% of all Jews reside in Israel and about 42% reside in the United States and Canada, w ith most of the remainder living in Europe. 16] The largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism (Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism), Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism. A major source of difference between these groups is their approach to Jewish law. [17] Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, and that they should be strictly followed. Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more â€Å"traditional† interpretation ofJudaism's requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. [18][19] Historically, special courts enforced Jewish law; today, these courts still exist but the practice of Judaism is mostly voluntary. [20] Authority on theological and legal matters i s not vested in any one person or organization, but in the sacred texts and rabbis and scholars who interpret them. [21]

When is the beginning of personhood essays

When is the beginning of personhood essays Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in, or accompanied by, the death of the fetus. Some abortions occur naturally because a fetus does not develop normally. Or because the mother has an injury or disorder that prevents her from carrying the pregnancy to a full term. This type of abortion is commonly known as a miscarriage. Other abortions are induced. Induced abortions are intentionally brought on, either because a pregnancy is unwanted or presents a risk to a womans health. Induced abortion has become one of the most ethical and philosophical issues of the late 20th century. Modern medical techniques have made induced abortions simpler and less dangerous. But in the United States, the debate over abortion has led to legal battles in the courts, in the Congress of the United States, and state legislatures. It has proven to be spilled over into confrontations, which are sometimes violent, at clinics where abortions are performed. There are many different methods in having an abortion. Induced abortions are performed using one of several methods. The safest and most useful and appropriate method is determined by the age of the fetus, or the length of pregnancy, which is calculated from the beginning of the pregnant womans last menstrual period. Most pregnancies last an average of 39 to 40 weeks, about 9 months. This period of time is broken up into three parts known as trimesters. The first trimester is the first 13 weeks, the second trimester is from the 14 to 24 week and the third trimester lasts from the 25th week to birth. Abortions in the first trimester of pregnancy are easier and safer to perform, that is because the fetus is smaller. Abortions in the second and third trimesters are more complicated procedures, which present greater risks to a womans health. In the United States, a pregnant womans risk o...

Research Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Proposal - Assignment Example es, it will be setting precedence for the other foreign-based companies as well as the local ones to follow suit in implementing fair labor laws and enforcement of unions for their employees. The US government prohibition of the unfair labor laws and union in outsourcing jobs in their foreign-based companies will lead to setting precedence of the importance of labor equality and fairness locally and abroad. The audience targeted by this research is the investors and well as the legislator. They are both powerful entities within the nation as they not only make laws but they drive the economy as well. The legislators hold the official position to formulate and pass laws and hence they have the decision making power to prohibit these companies from outsourcing employees without unions or under unfair labor laws. The investors are the drivers of the economy locally and internationally through their decision making ability and hence hold the current view on the pros and cons of such an action being taken or not being undertaken by the government. The investors are also predictors of the economic turn based on their current view on world affair. This is important in case the legislation is passed or not and hence will provide advice on how the country is bound to benefit economically from such an action. The paper will target the top 5 multinational companies which have set shore in most international companies and which have been facing allegations of having unfair labor laws towards their locally-based employees (Habib-Mintz, 2009). This research will include the following major sections which will provide a clear picture of the importance of this research topic. Data will collected from both primary and secondary sources with the secondary sources being previous research on the topic and primary being through interviews and questionnaires to get the views from the companies, investors and other stakeholders (Naima, 2013). Analysis of the data will be conducted

Walmart case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Walmart - Case Study Example This together with the ‘open door policy’ states that management needed to consider the â€Å"associates† views in the decision making process. Walton was against worker unionization and he argues that it would lead to establishment of restrictive work regulations and dramatic pay hikes. Furthermore, he came up with the â€Å"sun down rule† which encouraged workers to complete their tasks on time (Hill and Jones, 2009). His policies were based on getting workers to perform to their level best while paying the insufficient salaries. However, they would be rewarded in stock ownership plans and profit sharing schemes. This strategy has worked for years nonetheless; it has been facing issues in the recent times. Issues Facing This Strategy This strategy has led the company to great heights and sustained its exemplary financial performance over the years. Over the recent past, there have been various issues emerging from the application of this strategy (Anthony , Kacmar and Perrewe, 2002). Wal-Mart is the private entity with the highest number of â€Å"associates† world over. This has created numerous problems with regards to human resource management. In the past, the company has been relying on the strategy of encouraging the employees to work hard with the promise of getting a promotion or incentives through stock ownership and profit sharing. This strategy has been regarded as being highly unfair as workers are exploited to work for long hours and they are not duly compensated for their contribution. Furthermore, it has been observed that the company rarely fulfills its promise of sharing its employees through profit sharing. The company has been faced by several law suits over pressuring their employees to work for long hours without paying them overtime wages. Moreover, the company has been under attack for paying its employees peanuts and pressuring them to work too hard (Heskett, 2011). This has resulting to increasing dissa tisfaction among the workforce and can be attributed to the decline in the company’s performance in the recent past. This policy is aimed at increasing the company’s productivity while totally ignoring the â€Å"associates† plight and contribution towards the company’s success. In most competitive firms, worker remuneration is based on output and this should be the case for the giant retailer. Labor unions have attempted to intervene but to no avail. The company’s â€Å"associates† are continually oppressed as its reputation and financial glory go down the drain. Labor unions have made concerted efforts to unionize the employees over the years but they have fallen on deaf ears. Wal-Mart has been noted to be one of the few companies that have strongly opposed against unionization of the â€Å"associates†. The company management argues that labor unions champion for increased salaries and impose strict working regulations (Heskett, 2011 ). This move is regarded to be highly capitalistic and aims at maximizing the company’s profits at the workers’ expense. This has created negative publicity concerning the company and if no immediate action is taken, it could have further detrimental effects on its profitability. In addition to, the company has

Case study #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study #1 - Essay Example Thus, for the better understanding of the competencies and shortcomings of Forest International, aimed at suggesting rational strategies to overcome the identified issue, a SWOTT analysis has been assessed in the below mentioned section. Strengths. Forest International has annual revenue of $11 billion along with employee strength of 45,000, which makes it quite competent to invest in safety measures. Although employee turnover is negligible, it does not embark on the employee loyalty but rather on the economic construction of the region where workers are somewhat forced to work in hazardous conditions. Opportunities. In the course of improvement of safety records of the company, it can seek for the assistance of standards developed by Federal OSHA, to ensure the safety of paper mills industry. Correspondingly, the company must abide with the 1910.145 standard under the OSHO Code, which emphasizes the prevention of accidents during the duty work of the employees (US Department of Labor, â€Å"Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills†). Threats. The major threat that Forest International have been facing is the downfall of its market share as compared to that of its competitors. Due to its lack of sustainability concerns and frequent workplace accidents, the company also faces threats in terms of lowering stakeholders’ loyalty. Trend. In accordance to the past records, it was observed that the accidents occurred in Forest International was the consequence of the management’s negligence. Jack Taylor, crew leader had once reported an accident caused due to the loosened up jack in the machinery and suggested the management on ways of improving safety lines. However, it was ignored by the management. Thus, emphasizing this particular issue in the report, few of the measures for improvement of safety lines in the company is being suggested gauged with rational

Mobile television Essay Example for Free

Mobile television Essay Mobile television is television watched on a small handheld or mobile device. It includes pay TV service delivered via mobile phone networks or received free-to-air via terrestrial television stations. Regular broadcast standards or special mobile TV transmission formats can be used. Additional features include downloading TV programs and podcasts from the internet and the ability to store programming for later viewing. According to the Harvard Business Review, the growing adoption of smartphones allowed users to watch as much mobile video in just three days of the 2010 Winter Olympics as they watched throughout the entire 2008 Summer Olympics – an increase of 564%. [1] DMB in South Korea History The first pocket-sized mobile television was sold to the public by Clive Sinclair in January 1977. It was called the Microvision or the MTV-1. It had a 2-inch CRT screen and was also the first television which could pick up signals in multiple countries. It measured 102Ãâ€"159Ãâ€"41mm and was sold for less than  £100 in the UK and for around $400 in the US. The project took over ten years to develop and was funded by around  £1.6 million in British Government grants.[2][3] Mobile TV is one of the features provided by many 3G phones. In 2002, South Korea became the first country in the world to have a commercial mobile TV CDMA IS95-C network, and mobile TV over 3G (CDMA2000 1X EVDO) also became available that same year. In 2005, South Korea also became the first country in the world to have mobile TV when it started satellite DMB (S-DMB) and terrestrial DMB (T-DMB) services on May 1 and December 1, respectively. Today, South Korea and Japan are at the forefront of this developing sector.[4] Mobile TV services were launched by the operator CSL in Hong Kong, March 2006, on the 3G network.[5] BT in the United Kingdom was the among the first companies outside South Korea to launch Mobile TV in September 2006, although the service was abandoned less than a year later.[6] The same happened to MFD Mobiles Fernsehen Deutschland, who launched their DMB-based service June 2006 in Germany, and stopped it in April 2008.[7] Also in June 2006, mobile operator 3 in Italy (part of Hutchison Whampoa) launched their mobile TV service, but opposed to their counterpart in Germany this was based on DVB-H.[8] Sprint started offering the service in February 2006 and was the first US carrier to offer the service. In the US Verizon Wireless and more recently ATT are offering the service. In South Korea, mobile TV is largely divided into satellite DMB (S-DMB) and terrestrial DMB (T-DMB). Although S-DMB initially had more content, T-DMB has gained much wider popularity because it is free and included as a feature in most mobile handsets sold in the country today. Challenges Mobile TV usage can be divided into three classes: †¢ Fixed – Watched while not moving, possibly moved when not being watched †¢ Nomadic – Watched while moving slowly (e.g. walking) †¢ Mobile – Watched when moving quickly (e.g. in a car) Each of these pose different challenges. Device Manufacturers challenges †¢ Power consumption – Continuous receipt, decoding, and display of video requires continuous power, and cannot benefit from all of the types of optimizations that are used to reduce power consumption for data and voice services. †¢ Memory – To support the large buffer requirements of mobile TV. Currently available memory capabilities will not be suited for long hours of mobile TV viewing. Furthermore, potential future applications like peer-to-peer video sharing in mobile phones and consumer broadcasting would definitely add to the increasing memory requirements. The existing P2P algorithms wont be enough for mobile devices, necessitating the advent of mobile P2P algorithms. There is one start-up technology that claims patentability on its mobile P2P, but has not drawn attention from device manufacturers yet. †¢ Display – Larger and higher-resolution displays are necessary for a good viewing experience. †¢ Processing power – Significan tly more processor performance is required for mobile TV than that used for UI and simple applications, like browsers and messaging. Content Providers challenges †¢ Mobile TV specific content – Mobisodes: mobile episodes of popular shows which are relatively shorter (3 to 5 minutes), to suit the likely viewing habits of the mobile TV user. Digital TV North America As of January 2012, there are 120 stations in the United States broadcasting using the ATSC-M/H Mobile DTV standard – a mobile and handheld enhancement to the HDTV standard that improves handling of multipath interference while mobile.[9] The defunct MediaFLO used COFDM broadcast on UHF TV channel 55. Like satellite TV, it was encrypted and controlled by conditional access (provided via the cellular network). It required a subscription for each mobile device, and was limited to the ATT Mobility or Verizon Wireless networks. Broadcast mobile DTV development While MediaFLO uses the TV spectrum and MobiTV used cell phone networks,[10] mobile DTV (ATSC-M/H) uses the digital TV spectrum. At the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) show in April 2007 in Las Vegas, the ATSC and 8VSB methods for delivering mobile DTV were shown. A-VSB (Advanced VSB), from Samsung and Rohde Schwarz, was shown at the previous years show. In 2007, LG, whose Zenith Electronics came up with 8VSB, introduced (with Harris Group) its Mobile-Pedestrian-Handheld (MPH) system. As the broadcast networks began making their content available online, mobile DTV meant stations would have another way to compete. Sinclair Broadcast Group tested A-VSB in fall 2006, and its KVCW and KVMY were participating in the mobile DTV product demonstrations at the NAB show. A-VSB had worked in buses at the 2007 Consumer Electronics Mobile television Show. ION Media Networks started a test station on channel 38, which was to be used for digital LPTV, to use for a single-frequency network (SFN). In some areas, more than one TV transmitter would be needed to cover all areas. Mobile DTV could have been used at that time because it would not affect HDTV reception. A single standard, however, had to be developed.[11] At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2009, the first prototype devices from LG and other manufacturers were demonstrated, including receivers for cars from Kenwood, Visteon and Delphi. It was announced that 63 stations in 22 markets would debut the service in 2009. Gannett Broadcasting president David Lougee pointed out that many of those attending the inauguration of Barack Obama would likely hear him but not see him; had the new technology been in place, this would not have been a problem.[12] In April 2009, the Open Mobile Video Coalition, made up of over 800 broadcast stations, selected four test stations: Gannetts WATL and IONs WPXA-TV in Atlanta, and Fisher Communications KOMO-TV and Belos KONG-TV in Seattle. WPXA had begun mobile DTV broadcasting on April 1. The others would start in May.[13] Later in 2009, ION said it was making available HDTV, standard definition and Mobile DTV streams using its affiliates in New York City and Washington, D.C. The triple-play concept was part of an effort to create a Mobile DTV standard. At the time, only those with prototype receivers could pick up the streams. ION Chairman and CEO Brandon Burgess said mobile DTV lets stations think beyond the living room and bring live television and real time information to consumers wherever they may be.[14] The Advanced Television Systems Committee started work on mobile DTV standards in May 2007, and manufacturers and sellers worked quickly to make the new technology a reality. The OMVC persuaded LG and Samsung to work together starting in May 2008 so that differing systems (possibly a self-destructing format war) would not delay or kill the technology. Early in July 2009, the ATSC Technology and Standards Group approved the ATSC-M/H standard for mobile DTV which all members green-lighted October 15. The public could be using the new devices by 2010, though watching TV on cell phones seemed unlikely in the near future since telephone manufacturers did not yet include that capability. The technology was expected to be used for polls and even voting.[15][16] By the end of the year, the ATSC and the Consumer Electronics Association began identifying products meeting the standard with MDTV.[17] Paul Karpowicz, NAB Television Board chairman and president of Meredith Broadcast Group, said This milestone ushers in the new era of digital television broadcasting, giving local TV stations and networks new opportunities to reach viewers on the go. This will introduce the power of local broadcasting to a new generation of viewers and provide all-important emergency alert, local news and other programming to consumers across the nation.[16] Later in July, the first multi-station tests began in Washington, D.C., while single stations in New York City and Raleigh, North Carolina already offered mobile DTV. The OMVC chose Atlantas WATL and Seattles KONG as model stations where product testing could take place. 70 stations in 28 media markets planned streams by the end of 2009. The Washington test would involve WPXW-TV, WUSA, WDCA, WRC-TV, WHUT-TV, WNUV in Baltimore, and WNVT, a part of MHz Networks, a multicasting service. All of the stations would have two of more channels each, with electronic service guide and alert data among the services. 20 sellers of equipment would use these stations to test using the existing standard, but testing the final standard would come later, and tests by the public would happen in 2010, when many more devices would be ready. Obviously, manufacturing large numbers of the devices could not take place without the final standard. LG, however, began mass-producing chips in June. ION technology vice president Brett Jenkins said, Were really at a stage like the initial launch of DTV back in 1998. There are almost going to be more transmitters transmitting mobile than receive devices on the market, and thats probably what youll see for the next six to nine months. Devices would eventually include USB dongles, netbooks, portable DVD players and in-car displays.[18] White House officials and members of Congress saw the triple-play concept in an ION demonstration on July 28, 2009 in conjunction with the OMVC.[19][20] Another demonstration took place October 16, 2009 with journalists, industry executives and broadcasters riding around Washington, D.C. in a bus with prototype devices. Included were those who would be testing the devices in the Washington and Baltimore markets in January 2010.[21] On August 7, 2009, BlackBerry service began on six TV stationsWISH-TV in Indianapolis; WAVY-TV in Hampton Roads, Virginia; KRQE in Albuquerque, New Mexico; WANE-TV in Fort Wayne, Indiana; WALA-TV in Mobile, Alabama; and KXAN-TV in Austin, Texas. 27 other stations will eventually offer the service, and LIN TV, which developed the BlackBerry service, has an iPhone application planned.[20] By October, 30 stations were airing mobile DTV signals, and that number was expected to be 50 by year-end. Also in the same month, FCC chair Julius Genachowski announced efforts to increase the amount of spectrum available to wireless services.[16] Also in August, WTVE and Axcera began testing a single-frequency network (SFN) with multiple transmitters using the new mobile standard. The RNN affiliate in Reading, Pennsylvania had used this concept since 2007.[22] Richard Mertz of Cavell, Mertz Associates says VHF wont work as well for mobile DTV because a 15-inch antenna or some other solution would be required, although he has heard from people who had no problems. An amplified antenna or higher power for the transmitting station would likely be needed, as well as repeater stations where terrain is a problem.[23] Lougee, whose company planned testing in its 19 markets in 2010, said the chip designs with the new devices made targeted advertising possible.[21] In December 2009, Concept Enterprises introduced the first Mobile DTV tuner for automobiles. Unlike earlier units, this one will provide a clear picture without pixilation in a fast-moving vehicle, using an LG M/H chip and a one-inch roof-mounted antenna. No subscription wil be required.[24] Also in December, the Consumer Electronics Association hosted a plugfest in Washington, D.C. to allow manufacturers to test various devices. More than 15 companies, and engineers from different countries, tested four transmission systems, 12 receiver systems, and four software types.[17][25] On December 1, News Corp. chairman Rupert Murdoch said mobile DTV would be important to the future of all journalism, and he planned to offer TV and possibly newspaper content in this way.[26] At the January 2010 Consumer Electronics Show, NAB head Gordon H. Smith disputed the idea that broadcastings days were numbered, calling mobile DTV the proof over-the-air television would continue its popularity. He said people would use cell phones and other devices to watch, and broadcast technology would be the best way to do this. Wireless broadband, which some wanted to replace broadcasting, would not be able to handle the demand for video services.[27] IONs Burgess showed off one of the first iPhones capable of receiving mobile DTV, while IONs Jenkins showed an LG Maze and a Valups Tivit; the latter sends signals to the iPod Touch and will soon work with the Google Nexus.[28] Sinclair Broadcast Group director of advanced technology Mark Aitken said the mobile DTV concept of multiple transmitters would help free up spectrum for wireless broadband in rural areas but not large cities. He also explained to the FCC that mobile DTV was the best method for sending out live video to those using cell phones and similar devices.[29] The OMVCs Mobile DTV Consumer Showcase began May 3, 2010 and lasted all summer. Nine stations planned to distribute 20 programs, including local and network shows as well as cable programs, to Samsung Moment phones. Dell Netbooks and Valups Tivits also received programming.[30] On September 23, 2010, Media General began its first MDTV service at WCMH-TV in Columbus, Ohio and had plans to do the same a month later at WFLA-TV in the Tampa Bay, Florida area and five to seven more stations in its portfolio.[31] On November 19, 2010, a joint venture of 12 major broadcasters, known as the Mobile Content Venture, announced plans to upgrade TV stations in 20 markets representing 40 percent of the United States population to deliver live video to portable devices by the end of 2011.[32] Brian Lawlor, a Scripps TV senior vice president, said that, in September 2011, Scripps stations would offer an app allowing people with an iPhone or iPad to see emergency information (e.g. weather bulletins) in the event of a power outage.[33] In 2012, a number of stations plan to conduct tests of the Mobile Emergency Alert System (M-EAS), a system to deliver emergency information via mobile DTV.[34] In January, 2012, the MCV announced that MetroPCS would offer MCVs Dyle mobile DTV service. Samsung planned an Android phone capable of receiving this service late in 2012.[35] At the end of 2012, Dyle was in 35  markets and capable of reaching 55 percent of viewers.[36] At the NAB show in April 2012, MCV announced that 17 additional television stations will launch mobile DTV, bringing the total to 92, covering more than 55% of US homes. Included are stations in three new markets – Austin, Texas, Boston, Massachusetts, and Dayton, Ohio.[37] In September 2012, WRAL-TV announced rollout of a Mobile Emergency Alert System based around mobile digital television technology.[38] A process called Syncbak uses cell phones rather than TV spectrum.[39] References [1] [2] [3] [4] Looking for TV Genius? | Red Bee Media (http:/ / www. tvgenius. net/ blog/ 2011/ 01/ 31/ 4-ways-smartphones-save-tv/ ) Clives achievements (http:/ / www. sinclair-research. co. uk/ about-srl. php) Sinclair Research Video and TV gear (http:/ / www. retrothing. com/ video_tv/ index. html), Retrothing.com NYTimes.com via Yahoo! Finance: Mobile TV Spreading in Europe and to the U.S. (http:/ / biz. yahoo. com/ nytimes/ 080506/ 1194771946810. html?. v=18), May 6, 2008 [5] 3G UK: The service is based on the Golden Dynamic Enterprises Ltd. (http:/ / www. 3g. co. uk/ PR/ March2006/ 2732. htm)s VOIR Portal (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0EIN/ is_2006_Dec_4/ ai_n16881105) and follows the 3GPP standard 3G-324 M. The same service is also deployed to Philippines in 2007. [6] ZDnet: BT ditches mobile TV service (http:/ / news. zdnet. co. uk/ communications/ 0,1000000085,39288247,00. htm), 26 July 2007 [7] Broadband TV news: MFD hands back German T-DMB licence (http:/ / www. broadbandtvnews. com/ ?p=4682), May 1, 2008 [8] The Register: DVB-H rockets ahead in Italy (http:/ / www. theregister. co. uk/ 2006/ 07/ 28/ dvbh_success_in_italy/ ), 28 July 2006 [9] OMVC announces sizable growth in number of MDTV stations at CES | RF content from Broadcast Engineering (http:/ / broadcastengineering. com/ RF/ OMVC-mobile-DTV-presence-announces-growth-CES-01192012/ index. html) [10] Thompson, Mark (2010-06-03). mobile tv cell phone networks: (http:/ / mobitv. com/ technology/ managed-service-platform). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2010-06-03. [11] Dickson, Glen (2007-04-14). NAB: Mobile DTV Hits the Strip (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 108538-NAB_Mobile_DTV_Hits_the_Strip. php). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-21. [12] Dickson, Glen (2009-01-11). CES: Broadcasters Mobile DTV Moment (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 161893-CES_Broadcasters_Mobile_DTV_Moment. php?rssid=20102 q=broadcasters+ mobile+ dtv+ moment). Broad casting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-03. [13] Dickson, Glen (2009-04-20). NAB 2009: Broadcasters Set Mobile DTV Test Markets (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 209447-NAB_2009_Broadcasters_Set_Mobile_DTV_Test_Markets. php?rssid=20068 q=broadcasters+ set+ mobile+ dtv+ test+ markets). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-17. [14] Dickson, Glen (2009-06-29). ION Broadcasts Mobile DTV in N.Y., D.C.: Hails Its Digital TV Triple Play (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 307120-ION_Broadcasts_Mobile_DTV_in_N_Y_D_C_. php?rssid=20068 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-02. [15] Dickson, Glen (2009-07-06). ATSC-M/H voted to proposed standard status (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 307463-Mobile_DTV_is_Almost_Official. php?rssid=20065 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-08. [16] Dickson, Glen (2009-10-16). Mobile DTV Standard Approved (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 358341-Mobile_DTV_Standard_Approved. php?rssid=20292 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-10-16. [17] Dickson, Glen (2009-12-16). ATSC Launches Certification Program For Mobile DTV (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 440764-ATSC_Launches_Certifica tion_Program_For_Mobile_DTV. php?rssid=20102 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-17. [18] Dickson, Glen (2009-07-13). Special Report: Mobile DTV Heats Up (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 314792-Special_Report_Mobile_DTV_Heats_Up. php). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-15. [19] Dickson, Glen (2009-07-22). ION, OMVC Organize DTV Showcase in D.C. (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 316065-ION_OMVC_Organize_DTV_Showcase_in_D_C_. php?rssid=20068 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-07-22. [20] Eggerton, John (2009-08-07). LIN TV Develops Blackberry App For Mobile TV Service (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 326796-LIN_TV_Develops_Blackberry_App_For_Mobile_TV_Service. php?q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-08-11. [21] Eggerton, John (2009-10-16). OMVC Does Mobile DTV Tour (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 358415-OMVC_Does_Mobile_DTV_Tour. php?rssid=20103 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-10-23. [22] Dickson, Glen (2009-12-18). WTVE Tests SFN For Mobile DTV (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 441031-WTVE_Tests_SFN_For_Mobile_DTV. php?rssid=20065 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2010-01-13. [23] Jessell, Harry A. (2009-09-24). Digital VHF Needs A Power Boost (http:/ / www. tvnewscheck. com/ articles/ 2009/ 09/ 24/ daily. 2/ ). TVNewsCheck. . Retrieved 2009-10-15. [24] Gilroy, Amy (2009-11-09). First Mobile DTV Car Tuner At $499 (http:/ / www. twice. com/ article/ 388144-First_Mobile_DTV_Car_Tuner_At_499. php/ ). TWICE. . Retrieved 2009-11-10. [25] Dickson, Glen (2009-12-02). Mobile DTV Picks Up Speed (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 394993-Mobile_DTV_Picks_Up_Speed. php?rssid=20068 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-03. [26] Eggerton, John (2009-12-01). Murdoch Says Mobile TV Is Key to Future (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 391233-Murdoch_Says_Mobile_TV_Is_Key_to_Future. php?rssid=20070 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2009-12-03. [27] Dickson, Glen (2010-01-07). CES 2010: Broadcasters Tout Mobile DTV Progress (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 442953-CES_2010_Broadcasters_Tout_Mobile_DTV_Progress. php?rssid=20068 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2010-01-13. [28] Dickson, Glen (2010-01-09). NAB Shows Off New Spectrum Applications (http:/ / www. broadcastingcable. com/ article/ 443352-NAB_Shows_Off_New_Spectrum_Applications. php?rssid=20068 q=digital+ tv). Broadcasting Cable. . Retrieved 2010-01-13.